Etape 7 - Les rampes
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Etape 7
La naissance du rugby à XIII
En 1893, plusieurs clubs, principalement du Yorkshire, Cheshire et Lancashire, au nord de l’Angleterre, se rapprochent de la fédération anglaise, la Rugby Football Union, au sujet du « broken-time payment », paiement du temps perdu en français. Cela correspond à la compensation de la perte de salaire des joueurs. Le problème se pose surtout dans le nord de l’Angleterre, où les jeunes clubs se composent de joueurs ouvriers à plein temps, qui, pour pouvoir jouer le samedi, doivent renoncer à leur salaire de la journée. C’est en 1893-94 que la question atteint son paroxysme, lorsque les clubs du nord demandent à la RFU de dédommager financièrement les joueurs perdant de l’argent en jouant pour leur club le samedi. Cette motion est refusée au cours d’une assemblée spéciale de l’union en 1895. 22 clubs quittent la RFU pour former la Nothern Union, qui devient la Rugby Football League en 1922. Suite à cela, le nombre de joueurs passe de 15 à 13.
Le rugby à VII
Le rugby à VII naît en 1883 à Melrose, une petite ville à la frontière écossaise. Sept clubs de rugby locaux (Gala, Selkirk, St.Cuthbert’s Hawick, Earlstone, Melrose, Gala Forest et St.Ronan’s Innerieithen) participent au premier tournoi qui se déroule le 28 avril 1883 sur le désormais célèbre Greenyards. Melrose bat Gala en finale et remporte la Ladies Cup. Le rugby à VII se développe rapidement tout le long de la frontière écossaise. Selkirk, Gala, Hawick, Jedforest, Langholm, Kelso et Earlston lancent leurs propres tournois. Le tournoi de rugby à VII du Middlesex est lancé en 1926 à Twickenham. Le premier tournoi international de rugby à VII se déroule à Murrayfield en 1973, pour célébrer le centenaire de la fédération écossaise. Le Hong Kong International Sevens naît trois ans plus tard en 1976. La première Coupe du monde de 1993 à Murrayfield accueille 24 fédérations et l’Angleterre bat l’Australie en finale. Ensuite, la Coupe du monde de rugby à VII se déplace deux fois à Hong Kong (1997 et 2005) et à Mar del Plata en Argentine (2001). Fidji gagne deux fois (à Hong Kong) et la Nouvelle-Zélande une fois en 2001. La série à VII de l’IRB lancée en 1999, définit le rugby à VII comme futur sport olympique et attraction internationale majeure reconnue par la commission sportive du CIO.
Le rugby féminin
- 1970 : Fondation de l’Association Française de Rugby Féminin (AFRF).
- 1972 : Premier championnats nationaux en France. Des étudiantes forment des équipes dans les universités américaines.
- 1982 : Premier match féminin international opposant la France aux Pays-Bas.
- 1986 : Premières compétitions Coupe et Ligue nationales, organisées par le Royaume-Uni. Premier match de la France contre la Grande-Bretagne à Richmond à Londres.
- 1987 : Premiers matchs internationaux : Canada-États-Unis et Angleterre-Pays de Galles.
- 1990 : Festival de rugby international féminin en Nouvelle-Zélande, auquel participent le Japon, l’Union soviétique, les Pays-Bas et les États-Unis. Formation des premiers clubs irlandais.
- 1991 : Première Coupe du monde féminine à Cardiff (Pays de Galles). Les États-Unis remportent la finale contre l’Angleterre ; le rugby féminin revient en force en Australie.
- 1993 : Premier match-test Écosse-Irlande. Toronto accueille la première Coupe du Canada, avec en compétition le Canada, les États-Unis, l’Angleterre et le Pays de Galles.
- 1994 : Seconde Coupe du monde (non officielle) féminine en Écosse. L’Angleterre bat les États-Unis en finale. Premier match Australie-Nouvelle-Zélande.
- 1994 : Le rugby féminin est reconnu lors de l’assemblée générale de l’IRB à Vancouver.
- 1998 : Première Coupe du monde féminine officielle (IRB) à Amsterdam (Pays-Bas). La Nouvelle-Zélande remporte la finale contre l’Angleterre.
- 2002 : Premier Tournoi des Six Nations féminin, opposant la France, l’Angleterre, l’Écosse, le Pays de Galles, l’Irlande et l’Espagne. Deuxième Coupe du monde (officielle) féminine en Espagne.
- 2006 : Troisième Coupe du monde (officielle) féminine au Canada. La Nouvelle-Zélande remporte la finale contre l’Angleterre à Edmonton.
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Etape 7
The Birth of 13-a-side rugby
In 1893 several clubs, mainly from Yorkshire, Cheshire and Lancashire in the North of England approached the Rugby Football Union about the so-called “broken-time payment” – that is payment to players who lost wages through playing the game. This problem arose mainly in the North of England where the newly-formed rugby clubs involved many working-class players in full time employment, who in order to play on a Saturday had to forego the day’s earnings. The issue reached its climax in 1893-94 when the Northern clubs put forward a motion asking the RFU to allow the players who lost money by turning up for their club on Saturdays to be recompensed financially.
This motion was turned down at a special AGM of the Union in 1895 and as a result 22 clubs broke away from the RFU to form the Northern Union, which changed its name into Rugby Football League in 1922. Subsequently the number of players was reduced from 15 to 13. Rugby League has evolved as a different sport since 1922.
Sevens Rugby
Sevens rugby was born in 1883 in Melrose, a little town in the Scottish Borders. Seven local clubs – Gala, Selkirk, St.Cuthbert’s Hawick, Earlstone, Melrose, Gala Forest and St.Ronan’s Innerieithen – entered the first tournament held on April 28, 1883 on the now famous Greenyards field, with Melrose beating Gala in the final to win the Ladies Cup. The Sevens spread quickly in the Scottish Borders, with Selkirk, Gala, Hawick, Jedforest, Langholm, Kelso and Earlston launching their own tournaments. The Middlesex Sevens was launched in 1926 at Twickenham, and the first ever International Sevens Tournament was held at Murrayfield in 1973, to celebrate the centenary of the Scottish Union. The Hong Kong International Sevens was born three years later in 1976. The first Rugby World Cup Sevens, held at Murrayfield in 1993 was attended by 24 Unions and was won by England who beat Australia in the final. After that the RWC Sevens travelled to Hong Kong – twice (in 1997 and 2005) and Mar del Plata in Argentina (in 2001), with Fiji winning it twice (both times in Hong Kong) and New Zealand once in 2001. The IRB Sevens Series, launched in 1999 established Sevens – identified by the IOC sports commission as a future Olympic sport – as a major attraction around the world.
Milestones in Women’s rugby
- 1970 : Association Francaise de Rugby Féminine (AFRF) founded
- 1972 : First National Championships in France. Student teams formed in the US Universities.
- 1982 : First ever Women’s International match France v The Netherlands
- 1986 : First National League and Cup competitions established in the UK; First Great Britain v France match at Richmond in London.
- 1987 : First internationals Canada v America and England v Wales.
- 1990 : Women’s International Rugby Festival in New Zealand – participants Japan, the Soviet Union, the Netherlands and the USA. First Irish clubs formed
- 1991 : Inaugural Women’s World Cup in Cardiff, Wales. USA defeat England in the final; Women’s rugby revived in Australia,
- 1993 : First Test match Scotland v Ireland; Toronto hosts the first Canada Cup with Canada, the USA, England and Wales competing
- 1994 : Second Women’s World Cup in Scotland. England defeat the USA in the final. First Australia v New Zealand match.
- 1994 : Women rugby recognised at the IRB General Meeting in Vancouver
- 1998 : First official (IRB) Women’s World Cup in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. New Zealand defeat England in the final.
- 2002 : First Women’s Six Nations tournament; France, England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and Spain. Second (official) Women RWC in Spain.
- 2006 : Third (official) Women RWC in Canada. In the final New Zealand defeat England in Edmonton.
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Etape 7
Nascita del rugby a XIII
Nel 1893, diversi club, soprattutto nello Yorkshire, nel Cheshire e nel Lancashire, nel nord dell’Inghilterra, si rivolsero alla Rugby Football Union per ottenere un « broken-time payment » (pagamento del tempo perso), ovvero un indennizzo per il mancato guadagno dei giocatori. Il problema era particolarmente sentito nel nord dell’Inghilterra, dove i giovani club erano composti da giocatori della classe operaia a tempo pieno che dovevano rinunciare al loro salario giornaliero per giocare il sabato. La questione giunse al pettine nel 1893-94, quando i club del nord presentarono una petizione alla RFU per ottenere una compensazione finanziaria per i giocatori che perdevano denaro giocando per il proprio club il sabato.
La mozione fu respinta in una riunione speciale del sindacato nel 1895. 22 club lasciarono la RFU per formare la Northern Union, che divenne la Rugby Football League nel 1922. Di conseguenza, il numero dei giocatori scese da 15 a 13.
Rugby a VII
Il rugby a VII è nato nel 1883 a Melrose, una piccola città sul confine scozzese. Sette club locali di rugby (Gala, Selkirk, St.Cuthbert’s Hawick, Earlstone, Melrose, Gala Forest e St.Ronan’s Innerieithen) parteciparono al primo torneo il 28 aprile 1883 presso gli ormai famosi Greenyards. Melrose batté Gala in finale e vinse la Ladies Cup. Il rugby a VII si sviluppò rapidamente lungo il confine scozzese. Selkirk, Gala, Hawick, Jedforest, Langholm, Kelso e Earlston diedero vita ai loro tornei. Il torneo Middlesex Rugby Sevens fu lanciato nel 1926 a Twickenham. Il primo torneo internazionale di rugby sevens si tenne a Murrayfield nel 1973 per celebrare il centenario della Scottish rugby union. L’Hong Kong International Sevens si tenne tre anni dopo, nel 1976. La prima Coppa del Mondo del 1993 a Murrayfield ha ospitato 24 federazioni e l’Inghilterra ha battuto l’Australia in finale. La Rugby World Cup Sevens si è poi spostata due volte a Hong Kong (1997 e 2005) e a Mar del Plata in Argentina (2001). Le Figi hanno vinto due volte (a Hong Kong) e la Nuova Zelanda una volta nel 2001. La serie IRB Sevens, lanciata nel 1999, definisce il Rugby Sevens come un futuro sport olimpico e una grande attrazione internazionale riconosciuta dalla Commissione Sportiva del CIO.
Date chiave del rugby femminile
- 1970 : Fondazione dell’Associazione francese di rugby femminile (AFRF).
- 1972 : Primi campionati nazionali in Francia. Le studentesse formano squadre nelle università americane.
- 1982 : Prima partita internazionale femminile tra Francia e Paesi Bassi.
- 1986 : Prime competizioni nazionali di Coppa e campionato, organizzate dal Regno Unito. Prima partita della Francia contro la Gran Bretagna al Richmond di Londra.
- 1987 : Prime partite internazionali: Canada-USA e Inghilterra-Galles.
- 1990 : Festival internazionale di rugby femminile in Nuova Zelanda, con la partecipazione di Giappone, Unione Sovietica, Paesi Bassi e Stati Uniti. Nascono i primi club irlandesi.
- 1991 : Prima Coppa del Mondo femminile a Cardiff, Galles. Gli Stati Uniti vincono la finale contro l’Inghilterra; il rugby femminile torna in auge in Australia.
- 1993 : Primo test match Scozia-Irlanda. Toronto ospita la prima Canada Cup, con Canada, Stati Uniti, Inghilterra e Galles in gara.
- 1994 : Seconda Coppa del Mondo femminile (non ufficiale) in Scozia. L’Inghilterra batte gli USA in finale. Prima partita Australia-Nuova Zelanda.
- 1994 : Il rugby femminile viene riconosciuto dall’Assemblea generale dell’IRB a Vancouver.
- 1998 : Prima Coppa del Mondo femminile ufficiale dell’IRB ad Amsterdam, Paesi Bassi. La Nuova Zelanda vince la finale contro l’Inghilterra.
- 2002 : Primo torneo Sei Nazioni femminile, che coinvolge Francia, Inghilterra, Scozia, Galles, Irlanda e Spagna. Seconda Coppa del Mondo femminile (ufficiale) in Spagna.
- 2006 : Terza Coppa del Mondo femminile (ufficiale) in Canada. La Nuova Zelanda vince la finale contro l’Inghilterra a Edmonton.